According to the majority of studies, 40-50% of first marriages will end in divorce. Divorce rates for subsequent marriages are even higher. Divorce has become an industry all its own, involving lawyers, judges, social workers, financial planners and banking and insurance professionals. For many, the essential component of estate and asset protection planning is often lost when dealing with the many facets of divorce.
In most divorces, the division of assets is nearly always reduced to a court order. Generally, the more contentious the divorce, the more specific the court order. For instance, when it comes to pension assets (IRAs, 401Ks, 403Bs, 457 plans, etc.), courts in New York State will generally issue a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (“QDRO”), which specifically directs and details what percentage of pension assets are to be transferred post-divorce is final and/or what assets are to be left to an ex-spouse or children upon death. In divorces involving minor children, many courts require ex-spouses to name each other as primary beneficiary on a life insurance policy unless and until such time as the children reach age 21 or are emancipated.
If your divorce attorney has not already done so, you should make sure all directives of the court are followed, which may include changing beneficiaries on life insurance policies, transferring your real property (including any mortgages in place) and/or the distribution of pension funds pursuant to the terms of the QDRO. Even if your assets are substantially reduced by the divorce, it is still critical to review and update your estate planning documents.
The essential documents all adults should have in place are a Will, Power of Attorney and Health Care Proxy. After divorce, the most common and obvious update is to excise the ex-spouse from these documents and replace him/her with trusted loved ones and individuals that will be part of your life going forward. While it sounds simple, procrastinating about such updates can create problems and have unintended consequences as explained below.
With minor children (under age 18), you should promptly update guardian designations in your Will in the event your ex-spouse predeceases you and name trustee(s) to manage assets a minor child may inherit upon your death. Without designating a trustee either within a Will or a trust to hold and manage assets, you run the risk of your ex-spouse being appointed to control your assets, even if just for the benefit of your children. For many divorced individuals, this is far from a comforting thought. Updating your estate plan can also avoid substantial delays, probate and/or court battles over your estate by having designated individuals to handle post-death matters for your estate and/or your children.
There are instances, however rare, where individuals wish to keep their ex-spouse as a beneficiary under a Will or pension fund and/or as an agent for their Power of Attorney and Health Care Proxy. However, under New York State law, once divorced, beneficiary and/or agent designations still listing your ex-spouse are considered automatically voided. Therefore, these documents must be explicitly updated to reflect that your beneficiary or appointed agent is now your “ex-spouse” and should reference the date of divorce.
Example: an ex-husband promises his ex-wife he will leave her the marital residence when he dies even though he kept the house in the divorce. Both parties rely on the ex-husband’s pre-divorce Will which states his “spouse” will get the marital residence upon his death. With neither a court order nor an updated Will authorizing the bequest to an ex-spouse, the verbal promise is meaningless and, short of litigation, the ex-wife loses out on the residence upon the ex-husband’s death. Thus, documents need to be updated and/or should conform to a court order in effect as part of the divorce. Ex-spouses should get such verbal promises formalized by court approval to modify the original terms of the divorce.
Life insurance and pension companies are usually acutely aware of the dangers of getting involved in domestic matters and the potential for dishonesty, fraud and abuse. Thus, it is typical for them to require a copy of the estate planning documents and divorce decree to protect themselves when honoring beneficiary change requests and distributing funds. They will usually not honor an ex-spouse’s request for post-death benefits without a court order, decree and/or updated estate planning document specifically allowing such a claim.
Updating your Power of Attorney is also critical to appoint new agents to take care of your financial and other assets if you become incapacitated. Again, if you only listed your now ex-spouse as your agent on a Power of Attorney, such a designation would be invalid. You then run the risk of your family having to undertake the expensive and time consuming process of obtaining a guardianship over you if you become incapacitated. Similarly, a Health Care Proxy, allowing your agent to enter a Do-Not-Resuscitate order on your behalf in an end of life situation, should be updated if/when that decision needs to be made.
While the divorce process can be stressful and difficult, establishing and updating your estate planning documents is a productive, pro-active and essential measure. Avoiding delay in making these vital changes will give you, your children and the ones you care for peace of mind while avoiding uncertainty, discord and litigation going forward.
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